# Particle-in-cell simulations of the whistler heat-flux instability in the solar wind conditions

## TL;DR

This study presents the first particle-in-cell simulations of the whistler heat-flux instability in solar wind conditions, revealing how it saturates and affects electron distributions without initial temperature anisotropies.

## Contribution

It provides the first realistic PIC simulation of WHFI in solar wind conditions, demonstrating its saturation mechanism and impact on electron velocity distributions.

## Key findings

- WHFI saturates at moderate amplitudes in simulations.
- Enhanced whistler fluctuations cause electron pitch-angle scattering.
- Strahl electron distribution becomes skewed with increasing energy.

## Abstract

In collision-poor plasmas from space, e.g., solar wind or stellar outflows, the heat-flux carried by the strahl or beaming electrons is expected to be regulated by the self-generated instabilities. Recently, simultaneous field and particle observations have indeed revealed enhanced whistler-like fluctuations in the presence of counter-beaming populations of electrons, connecting these fluctuations to the whistler heat-flux instability (WHFI). This instability is predicted only for limited conditions of electron beam-plasmas, and was not captured in numerical simulations yet. In this letter we report the first simulations of WHFI in particle-in-cell (PIC) setups, realistic for the solar wind conditions, and without temperature gradients or anisotropies to trigger the instability in the initiation phase. The velocity distributions have a complex reaction to the enhanced whistler fluctuations conditioning the instability saturation by a decrease of the relative drifts combined with induced (effective) temperature anisotropies (heating the core electrons and pitch-angle and energy scattering the strahl). These results are in good agreement with a recent quasilinear approach, and support therefore a largely accepted belief that WHFI saturates at moderate amplitudes. In anti-sunward direction the strahl becomes skewed with a pitch-angle distribution decreasing in width as electron energy increases, that seems to be characteristic to self-generated whistlers and not to small-scale turbulence.