# Persistent Surveillance With Energy-Constrained UAVs and Mobile Charging Stations

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a scalable strategy for persistent surveillance using energy-constrained UAVs supported by mobile charging stations, optimizing vehicle trajectories and charging schedules to minimize visit age.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel planning approach combining UAV-UGV team formation, environment partitioning, and cyclic coverage to enhance persistent surveillance efficiency.

## Key findings

- The strategy effectively reduces the maximum age of region visits.
- The approach ensures safe operation and energy-efficient coverage.
- Results demonstrate improved long-term surveillance performance.

## Abstract

We address the problem of achieving persistent surveillance over an environment by using energy-constrained unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are supported by unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) serving as mobile charging stations. Specifically, we plan the trajectories of all vehicles and the charging schedule of UAVs to minimize the long-term maximum age, where age is defined as the time between two consecutive visits to regions of interest in a partitioned environment. We introduce a scalable planning strategy based on 1) creating UAV- UGV teams, 2) decomposing the environment into optimal partitions that can be covered by any of the teams in a single fuel cycle, 3) uniformly distributing the teams over a cyclic path traversing those partitions, and 4) having the UAVs in each team cover their current partition and be transported to the next partition while being recharged by the UGV. We show some results related to the safety and performance of the proposed strategy.