# Oblique Shock Breakout from a Uniform Density Medium

## TL;DR

This paper derives an analytical model for oblique shock breakout from a uniform medium, revealing steady-state solutions up to a critical angle and enabling application to complex astrophysical and explosive scenarios.

## Contribution

It provides the first analytic solution for oblique shock breakout from a planar surface in a uniform medium, extending understanding beyond previous planar or spherical models.

## Key findings

- Steady state solutions exist up to a maximum angle of 63.4° for γ=5/3.
- The analytic solution can be applied to complex geometries and realistic explosion scenarios.
- The model offers insights into shock breakout phenomena relevant to astrophysics and explosive events.

## Abstract

The emergence of a shock from a medium with a free surface is an important process in various astrophysical phenomena. It generates the first light associated with explosions like supernovae and Gamma Ray Bursts. Most previous works considered planar or spherical geometries, where the shock front is parallel to the surface, and emerges simultaneously from all points. Here we study the hydrodynamics of an oblique planar shock breaking out from the planar surface of a uniform density ideal gas with adiabatic index $\gamma$. We obtain an analytic solution to the flow as a function of the angle between the plane of the shock and the surface $\beta$. We find steady state solutions (in a frame moving with the intersection point of the shock and the surface) up to some critical angle ($\beta_{max}=63.4$ degress for $\gamma=5/3$ and $\beta_{max}=69.3$ degrees for $\gamma=4/3$). We show how this analytic solution can be used in more complicated geometries where the shock is not planar, giving the exact profile of the outermost breakout ejecta. We apply our analytical results to a few realistic problems, such as underwater explosions, detonation under the surface of an asteroid, or off center detonations in a uniform sphere.