# Asymmetric accretion and thermal `mountains' in magnetized neutron star crusts

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how magnetic field-induced asymmetries in accreting neutron star crusts can generate gravitational waves, with implications for star spin evolution and gravitational wave detection.

## Contribution

It provides a realistic calculation of crustal asymmetries caused by magnetic fields and assesses their potential to produce observable gravitational waves.

## Key findings

- Outer crust layers are strongly perturbed by magnetic fields.
- Estimated quadrupoles are generally too small to explain observed spin-downs.
- Strong shallow heating can enhance perturbations, potentially explaining observed phenomena.

## Abstract

Accreting neutron stars are one of the main targets for continuous gravitational wave searches, as asymmetric accretion may lead to quadrupolar deformations, or `mountains', on the crust of the star, which source gravitational wave emission at twice the rotation frequency. The gravitational wave torque may also impact on the spin evolution of the star, possibly dictating the currently observed spin periods of neutron stars in Low Mass X-ray Binaries and leading to the increased spindown rate observed during accretion in PSR J1023+0038. Previous studies have shown that deformed reaction layers in the crust of the neutron star lead to thermal and compositional gradients that can lead to gravitational wave emission. However, there are no realistic constraints on the level of asymmetry that is expected. In this paper we consider a natural source of asymmetry, namely the magnetic field, and calculate the density and pressure perturbations that are expected in the crust of accreting neutron stars. In general we find that only the outermost reaction layers of the neutron star are strongly perturbed. The mass quadrupole that we estimate is generally small and cannot explain the increase of spin-down rate of PSR J1023+0038. However, if strong shallow heating sources are present at low densities in the crust, as cooling observations suggest, these layers will be strongly perturbed and the resulting quadrupole could explain the observed spindown of PSR J1023+0038, and lead to observable gravitational wave signals from systems with higher accretion rates.