# The Structure of Dark Molecular Gas in the Galaxy -- II. Physical State of "CO-Dark" Gas in the Perseus Arm

## TL;DR

This study uses sensitive radio observations to investigate the physical state of CO-dark molecular gas in the Perseus arm, revealing that low-density, low-column-density conditions cause the absence of CO emission despite the presence of OH, indicating a significant amount of diffuse H2.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into the physical conditions of CO-dark molecular gas using high-sensitivity OH and CO observations, highlighting the role of low density and column density in CO absence.

## Key findings

- 86% of observed points show OH emission
- 19% of points show CO emission
- CO-dark gas exists at low A_v and density

## Abstract

We report the results from a new, highly sensitive ($\Delta T_{mb} \sim 3 $mK) survey for thermal OH emission at 1665 and 1667 MHz over a dense, 9 x 9-pixel grid covering a $1\deg$ x $1\deg$ patch of sky in the direction of $l = 105\deg, b = +2.50\deg$ towards the Perseus spiral arm of our Galaxy. We compare our Green Bank Telescope (GBT) 1667 MHz OH results with archival CO J=1-0 observations from the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO) Outer Galaxy Survey within the velocity range of the Perseus Arm at these galactic coordinates. Out of the 81 statistically-independent pointings in our survey area, 86% show detectable OH emission at 1667 MHz, and 19% of them show detectable CO emission. We explore the possible physical conditions of the observed features using a set of diffuse molecular cloud models. In the context of these models, both OH and CO disappear at current sensitivity limits below an A$_{\rm v}$ of 0.2, but the CO emission does not appear until the volume density exceeds 100-200 cm$^{-3}$. These results demonstrate that a combination of low column density A$_{\rm v}$ and low volume density $n_{H}$ can explain the lack of CO emission along sight lines exhibiting OH emission. The 18-cm OH main lines, with their low critical density of $n^{*}$ $ \sim 1 $ cm$^{-3}$, are collisionally excited over a large fraction of the quiescent galactic environment and, for observations of sufficient sensitivity, provide an optically-thin radio tracer for diffuse H$_2$.