# Light particle and quark chemical potentials from negatively to positively charged particle yield ratios corrected by removing strong and weak decays

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes charged particle yield ratios across various collision energies to extract light particle and quark chemical potentials, removing decay contributions, revealing a maximum around 4 GeV.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive extraction of chemical potentials from yield ratios over a wide energy range, correcting for decay contributions, which is a novel approach.

## Key findings

- Chemical potentials peak at about 4 GeV energy.
- Yield ratios do not exhibit the same extremum as chemical potentials.
- Analysis covers a broad energy range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV.

## Abstract

The yield ratios of negatively to positively charged pions ($\pi^-/\pi^+$), negatively to positively charged kaons ($K^-/K^+$), and anti-protons to protons ($\bar p/p$) produced in mid-rapidity interval in central gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions, central lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions, and inelastic (INEL) or non-single-diffractive (NSD) proton-proton ($pp$) collisions, as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL $pp$ collisions are analyzed in the present work. Over an energy range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV, the chemical potentials of light flavor particles (pion, kaon, and proton) and quarks (up, down, and strange quarks) are extracted from the mentioned yield ratios in which the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons are removed. Most energy dependent chemical potentials show the maximum at about 4 GeV, while the energy dependent yield ratios do not show such an extremum.