# Time-changed Dirac-Fokker-Planck equations on the lattice

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel time-changed discretization of the Dirac equation on a lattice, incorporating a stochastic component via the Hurst parameter, and provides solution representations using special functions and convolution formulas.

## Contribution

It develops a new lattice-based model for the time-changed Dirac equation with stochastic diffusion, extending previous approaches and involving advanced integral representations and special functions.

## Key findings

- Solution representation via discrete convolution involving Hartman-Watson distributions
- Connection to Klein-Gordon type equations and Mellin convolution integrals
- Uniform convergence of solutions using Wright functions under certain parameter conditions

## Abstract

A time-changed discretization for the Dirac equation is proposed. More precisely, we consider a Dirac equation with discrete space and continuous time perturbed by a time-dependent diffusion term $\sigma^2Ht^{2H-1}$ that seamlessly describes a latticizing version of the time-changed Fokker-Planck equation carrying the Hurst parameter $0<H<1$. Our model problem formulated on the space-time lattice $\mathbb{R}_{h,\alpha}^n\times [0,\infty)$ ($h>0$ and $0<\alpha<\frac{1}{2}$) preserves the main features of the Dirac-K\"ahler type discretization over the space-time lattice $h\mathbb{Z}^n\times [0,\infty)$ in case of $\alpha,H \rightarrow 0$, and encompasses a regularization of Wilson's approach [Physical review D, 10(8), 2445, 1974] for values of $H$ in the range $0<H\leq \frac{1}{2}$ (limit condition $\alpha \rightarrow \frac{1}{2}$). The main focus here is the representation of the solutions by means of discrete convolution formulae involving a kernel function encoded by (unnormalized) Hartman-Watson distributions -- ubiquitous on stochastic processes of Bessel type -- and the solutions of a semi-discrete equation of Klein-Gordon type. Namely, on our main construction the ansatz function $\widehat{\varPsi}_H(y)$ appearing on the discrete convolution representation may be rewritten as a Mellin convolution type integral involving the solutions $\varPsi(x,t|p)$ of a semi-discrete equation of Klein-Gordon type and a L\'evy one-sided distribution $L_H(u)$ in disguise. Interesting enough, by employing Mellin-Barnes integral representations it turns out that the underlying solutions of Klein-Gordon type may be represented through generalized Wright functions of type ${~}_1\Psi_1$, that converge uniformly in case that the quantity $\alpha+\frac{1}{2}$ may be regarded as an lower estimate for the Hurst parameter in the superdiffusive case (that is, if $\alpha+\frac{1}{2}\leq H<1$).