# A Building-Block Approach to State-Space Modeling of DC-DC Converter Systems

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a modular, building-block approach for state-space modeling of DC-DC converters, simplifying the process of extending models with additional components or control loops.

## Contribution

It proposes a standardized, modular method for constructing state-space models of DC-DC converters, enhancing flexibility and reducing errors in complex system modeling.

## Key findings

- Enables easy extension of models with filters, loads, and control loops.
- Supports extraction of control and impedance characteristics at any modeling stage.
- Demonstrates modeling of cascaded converters and multiple control loops.

## Abstract

Small-signal models of DC-DC converters are often based on a state-space averaging approach, from which both control-oriented and other frequency-domain characteristics, such as input or output impedance, can be derived. Updating these models when extending the converter by filters or non-trivial loads, or adding control loops, can become a tedious task, however. To simplify this potentially error-prone process, a modular modeling approach is being proposed in this article. It consists of small state-space models for certain building blocks of a converter system on the one hand, and standardized operations for connecting these subsystem models to an overall converter system model on the other hand. The resulting state-space system model builds upon a two-port converter description and allows the extraction of control-oriented and impedance characteristics at any modeling stage, be it open loop or closed loop, single converter or series connections of converters. The ease of creating more complex models enabled by the proposed approach is also demonstrated with examples comprising multiple control loops or cascaded converters.