# Bose-Einstein condensation in relativistic plasma

## TL;DR

This paper predicts that relativistic plasma at extremely high temperatures can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation, extending the phenomenon beyond low-temperature atomic systems to plasma conditions.

## Contribution

It demonstrates from first principles that relativistic plasma can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation under certain initial conditions, a novel extension of the phenomenon.

## Key findings

- Relativistic plasma can condense at billions of Kelvin.
- Necessary conditions for condensation are identified.
- Potential laboratory and astrophysical observations discussed.

## Abstract

The phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation is traditionally associated with and experimentally verified for low temperatures: either of nano-Kelvin scale for alkali atoms [1-3] or room temperatures for quasi-particles [4,5] or photons in two dimensions [6]. Here we demonstrate out of first principles that for certain initial conditions non-equilibrium plasma at relativistic temperatures of billions of Kelvin undergoes condensation, predicted by Zeldovich and Levich in their seminal work [7]. We determine the necessary conditions for the onset of condensation and discuss the possibilities to observe such a phenomenon in laboratory and astrophysical conditions.