# Frustrated Quantum Magnetism with Bose Gases in Triangular Optical Lattices at Negative Absolute Temperatures

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a method to simulate frustrated quantum antiferromagnetism using ultracold Bose gases at negative temperatures, enabling exploration of quantum phase transitions and phase boundaries in complex lattice systems.

## Contribution

It introduces a feasible protocol for analog quantum simulation of frustrated antiferromagnetism at negative temperatures with numerical validation.

## Key findings

- Simulation of quantum phase transitions via negative-temperature states.
- Prediction of phase boundary between superfluid and Mott-insulator phases.
- Benchmark results for triangular lattice Bose-Hubbard model.

## Abstract

Quantum antiferromagnets with geometrical frustration exhibit rich many-body physics but are hard to simulate by means of classical computers. Although quantum-simulation studies for analyzing such systems are thus desirable, they are still limited to high temperature regions, where interesting quantum effects are smeared out. Here, we propose a feasible protocol to perform analog quantum simulation of frustrated antiferromagnetism with strong quantum fluctuations by using ultracold Bose gases in optical lattices at negative absolute temperatures. Specifically, we show from numerical simulations that the time evolution of a negative-temperature state subjected to a slow sweep of the hopping energy simulates quantum phase transitions of a frustrated Bose-Hubbard model with sign-inverted hoppings. Moreover, we quantitatively predict the phase boundary between the frustrated superfluid and Mott-insulator phases for triangular lattices with hopping anisotropy, which serves as a benchmark for quantum simulation.