# Impacts into rotating targets: angular momentum draining and efficient formation of synthetic families

## TL;DR

This study uses advanced impact simulations to explore how rotation influences asteroid collision outcomes, revealing that rotation significantly increases ejecta and generally causes a systematic spin-down of asteroid populations.

## Contribution

Introduces a new unified SPH/N-body simulation code to analyze the effects of rotation on asteroid collision outcomes and synthetic family formation.

## Key findings

- Rotating targets produce up to five times more ejecta in impacts.
- Rotation affects cratering events, especially at oblique angles.
- Impacts tend to cause a systematic spin-down of asteroids.

## Abstract

About 10% of the observed asteroids have rotational periods lower than P = 3 h and they seem to be relatively close to the spin barrier. Yet, the rotation has often been neglected in simulations of asteroid collisions. To determine the effect of rotation, we perform a large number of SPH/N-body impact simulations with rotating targets. We developed a new unified SPH/N-body code with self-gravity, suitable for simulations of both fragmentation phase and gravitational reaccumulation. The code has been verified against previous ones (Benz and Asphaug 1994), but we also tested new features, e.g. rotational stability, tensile stability, etc. Using the new code, we ran simulations with D_pb = 10 km and 100 km monolithic targets and compared synthetic asteroid families created by these impacts with families corresponding to non-rotating targets. The rotation affects mostly cratering events at oblique impact angles. The total mass ejected by these collision can be up to five times larger for rotating targets. We further compute the transfer of the angular momentum and determine conditions under which impacts accelerate or decelerate the target. While individual cratering collisions can cause both acceleration and deceleration, the deceleration prevails on average, collisions thus cause a systematic spin-down of asteroid population.