# Analysis of the linear relationship between asymmetry and magnetic moment at the M-edge of 3d transition metals

## TL;DR

This study investigates the relationship between asymmetry and magnetic moments at the M-edge of 3d transition metals Fe and Ni during ultrafast demagnetization, combining experimental pump-probe measurements and density functional theory calculations.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into how asymmetry relates to different magnetic excitations and challenges the assumption of a simple linear relationship in ultrafast magnetization analysis.

## Key findings

- Fe asymmetry depends on magnetic excitation type
- Ni asymmetry is insensitive to excitation type
- Non-linear coupling between asymmetry and magnetization

## Abstract

The magneto-optical response of Fe and Ni during ultrafast demagnetization is studied experimentally and theoretically. We have performed pump-probe experiments in the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect (T-MOKE) geometry using photon energies that cover the M-absorption edges of Fe and Ni between 40 to 72 eV. The asymmetry was detected by measuring the reflection of light for two different orientations of the sample magnetization. Density functional theory (DFT) wasused to calculate the magneto-optical response of different magnetic configurations, representing different types of excitations: long-wavelength magnons, short wavelength magnons, and Stoner excitations. In the case of Fe, we find that the calculated asymmetry is strongly dependent on the specific type of magnetic excitation. Our modelling also reveals that during remagnetization Fe is, to a reasonable approximation, described by magnons, even though small non-linear contributions could indicate some degree of Stoner excitations as well. In contrast, we find that the calculated asymmetry in Ni is rather insensitive to the type of magnetic excitations. However, there is a weak non-linearity in the relation between asymmetry and the off-diagonal component of the dielectric tensor, which does not originate from the modifications of the electronic structure. Our experimental and theoretical results thus emphasize the need of considering a coupling between asymmetry and magnetization that may be more complex that a simple linear relationship. This insight is crucial for the microscopic interpretation of ultrafast magnetization experiments.