# Population collapse in Elite-dominated societies: A differential equations model without differential equations

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that societies with elite-dominated structures inevitably face population collapse by analyzing a qualitative model inspired by the HANDY framework, emphasizing the importance of societal structure over specific equations.

## Contribution

It introduces a qualitative, non-differential equations approach to analyze societal collapse, generalizing the HANDY model's results and highlighting key features leading to collapse.

## Key findings

- Elite dominance leads to inevitable population collapse.
- Qualitative conditions suffice to predict collapse without explicit equations.
- The approach clarifies core societal features causing collapse.

## Abstract

The HANDY model of Motesharrei, Rivas, and Kalnay examines interactions with the environment by human populations, both between poor and rich people, i.e., "Commoners" and "Elites". The Elites control the society's wealth and consume it at a higher rate than Commoners, whose work produces the wealth. We say a model is "Elite-dominated" when the Elites' per capita population change rate is always at least as large as the Commoners'. We can show the HANDY model always exhibits population crashes for all choices of parameter values for which it is Elite-dominated. But any such model with explicit equations raises questions of how the resulting behaviors depend on the details of the models. How important are the particular design features codified in the differential equations? In this paper, we first replace the explicit equations of HANDY with differential equations that are only described conceptually or qualitatively - using only conditions that can be verified for explicit systems. Next, we discard the equations entirely, replacing them with qualitative conditions, and we prove these conditions imply population collapse must occur. In particular, one condition is that the model is Elite-dominated. We show that the HANDY model with Elite-dominated parameters satisfies our hypotheses and thus must undergo population collapse. Our approach of introducing qualitative mathematical hypotheses can better show the underlying features of the model that lead to collapse. We also ask how societies can avoid collapse.