# Numerical Simulations of Cosmic-Ray Acceleration at Core-Collapse Supernovae

## TL;DR

This paper uses simulations to study how cosmic rays are accelerated in supernova explosions, showing that they can reach energies over 100 TeV within hours after shock breakout.

## Contribution

It provides the first detailed CR-radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of a red supergiant supernova explosion focusing on early shock evolution and cosmic-ray acceleration.

## Key findings

- CRs can exceed 100 TeV within hours after shock breakout
- Maximum CR energy increases rapidly during the first day
- Simulations highlight the importance of dense winds in CR acceleration

## Abstract

Core-collapse supernovae exploding in dense winds are favorable sites for cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration to very high energies. We present our CR-radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of the explosion of a red supergiant. We study the evolution of the shock wave during the first day following core collapse, and estimate the time at which CR acceleration can start. We then calculate the maximum CR energy at the forward shock as a function of time, and show that it may already exceed 100 TeV only a few hours after shock breakout from the surface of the star.