# A Long-term photometric variability and spectroscopic study of luminous blue variable AF And in M31

## TL;DR

This study provides a long-term photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the luminous blue variable AF And in M31, revealing multiple outbursts, spectral features, and stellar wind properties over more than a decade.

## Contribution

It offers the first detailed long-term variability and spectroscopic characterization of AF And, including outburst behavior, spectral line analysis, and wind parameters.

## Key findings

- Multiple outbursts observed in 1999 and 2010.
- Spectroscopic features include Balmer, He I, Fe II, and [Fe II] emission lines.
- Mass loss rate estimated at 2.2x10^{-4} solar masses per year.

## Abstract

We present photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the Hubble Sandage variable AF And in M31. The data has been taken under the Nainital Microlensing Survey during 1998-2002 and follow-up observations were carried out until 2011. During this period, photometric observations in Cousins R and I bands were obtained for 169 nights spanning over about 5000 days. AF And has shown a prominent outburst around mid-January in 1999 followed by a gradual decrease in brightness of about 1.5 mag in the next 3 years with a declining rate of ~0.0015 mag/day leading to a quiescent phase at the end of 2001. After lying low for about 9 years, AF And again went through a secondary outburst phase in late 2010 with an amplitude of 0.44 mag where it lasted for one year before fading back to its quiescence phase. The spectroscopic observations of AF And show prominent Balmer and He I emission lines along with the comparatively weaker FeII and [FeII] emissions. Asymmetric emission line profiles in its spectrum imply the mass loss rate of about 2.2x10^{-4} solar mass per yr through the stellar winds in the photosphere. Using SED fitting, we find the photospheric temperature of 33,000+/-3000 K during the visual minimum. Using a weak P Cygni profile of HeI emission line, the wind terminal velocity for AF And is found to be around 280-300 km/s.