# Gravitational deflection of relativistic massive particles by wormholes

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how relativistic massive particles are deflected by various static, spherically symmetric wormholes using a topological approach, revealing the influence of spacetime parameters on the deflection angles.

## Contribution

It applies the Jacobi metric and Gauss-Bonnet theorem to analyze gravitational deflection by wormholes up to second post-Minkowskian order, including different wormhole types.

## Key findings

- Deflection angles depend on wormhole parameters.
- Topological effects influence gravitational lensing.
- Spacetime parameters significantly affect deflection outcomes.

## Abstract

In this paper, the gravitational deflection of relativistic massive particles up to the second post-Minkowskian order by static and spherically symmetric wormholes is investigated in the weak-field limit. These wormholes include the Janis-Newman-Winicour wormhole, a class of zero Ricci scalar scalar-tensor wormholes, and a class of charged Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton wormholes. With the Jacobi metric approach, the Gauss-Bonnet theorem is employed to study the gravitational deflection. In this scheme, the deflection angle as a topological effect is considered. Moreover, we analyze the influence of the spacetime parameters on the results.