# Pion off-shell electromagnetic form factors: data extraction and model analysis

## TL;DR

This paper models the off-shell electromagnetic form factors of the pion using a covariant fermion field theory, providing insights into their structure and relation to experimental data, including the pion charge radius.

## Contribution

It introduces a covariant model for pion off-shell form factors, defining a new measurable form factor and comparing theoretical predictions with experimental data.

## Key findings

- The model satisfies Ward-Takahashi identity and normalization conditions.
- The new form factor g(Q^2,t) can be measured in the on-shell limit.
- Comparison with pion electroproduction data validates the model.

## Abstract

We investigate the pion electromagnetic half off-shell form factors, which parametrize the matrix element of the charged pion electromagnetic current with one leg off-mass-shell and the other leg on-mass-shell, using an exactly solvable manifestly covariant model of a $(3+1)$ dimensional fermion field theory. The model provides a 3D imaging of the two off-shell pion form factors $F_1$ and $F_2$ as a function of $(Q^2,t)$, which are related to each other satisfying the Ward-Takahashi identity. The normalization of the renormalized charge form factor $F_1$ is fixed by $F_1(Q^2=0, t=m^2_\pi)=1$ while the other form factor $F_2$ vanishes, i.e. $F_2(Q^2, t=m^2_\pi)=0$ for any value of $Q^2$ due to the time-reversal invariance of the strong interaction. We define the new form factor $g(Q^2,t)=F_2(Q^2,t)/(t-m^2_\pi)$ and find that $g(Q^2,t)$ can be measurable in the on-mass-shell limit. In particular, $g(Q^2=0, t=m^2_\pi)$ is related with the pion charge radius. We also compare our form factors with the data extracted from the pion electroproduction reaction for both the off-shell region ($t<0$) and the on-shell limit ($t \rightarrow m_\pi^2$).