# Chain Logic and Shelah's Infinitary Logic

## TL;DR

This paper explores the properties of Karp's chain logic in relation to Shelah's $L^1_eth_eth$ logic, demonstrating its maximality, expressive power, and partial solutions to longstanding problems in infinitary logic.

## Contribution

It establishes that Karp's chain logic is above $L^1_eth_eth$, satisfies key properties like UDWO and Interpolation, and provides new insights into its maximality and expressive capabilities.

## Key findings

- Chain logic is above $L^1_eth_eth$ in expressive power.
- Chain logic satisfies UDWO and Interpolation.
- Chain logic is not $eth_eth$-compact.

## Abstract

For a cardinal of the form $\kappa=\beth_\kappa$, Shelah's logic $L^1_\kappa$ has a characterisation as the maximal logic above $\bigcup_{\lambda<\kappa} L_{\lambda, \omega}$ satisfying Strong Undefinability of Well Order (SUDWO). SUDWO is a strengthening of the Undefinability of Well Order (UDWO). We prove that if $\kappa$ is singular of countable cofinality, Karp's chain logic \cite{Karpintroduceschain} is above $L^1_\kappa$, while it is already known that it satisfies UDWO and Interpolation. Moreover, we show that in these circumstances, the chain logic is -- in a sense -- maximal among logics with chain models to satisfy UDWO. We then show that the chain logic gives a partial solution to Problem 1.4. from Shelah's \cite{Sh797}, which asked whether for $\kappa$ singular of countable cofinality there was a logic strictly between $ L_{\kappa^+, \omega}$ and $L_{\kappa^+, \kappa^+}$ having Interpolation. We show that modulo accepting as the upper bound a model class of $L_{\kappa, \kappa}$, Karp's chain logic satisfies the required properties. In addition, we show that this chain logic is not $\kappa$-compact, a question that we have asked on various occasions. We contribue to the further development of chain logic by proving the Union Lemma and identifying the chain-independent fragment of the logic, showing that it still has considerable expressive power. In conclusion, we have shown that the simply defined chain logic emulates the logic $L^1_\kappa$ in satisfying Interpolation, undefinability of well-order and maximality with respect to it, and the Union Lemma. In addition it has a Completeness Theorem.