# Maximizing specific energy by breeding deuterium

## TL;DR

This study identifies a fuel cycle using deuterium breeding via neutron capture that significantly enhances specific energy, with implications for energy production and space propulsion.

## Contribution

It systematically analyzes fusion cross-sections to find the most energy-efficient fuel cycle, revealing a novel method to increase specific energy using deuterium breeding.

## Key findings

- Breeding deuterium from normal hydrogen via neutron capture increases specific energy.
- Surrounding a D-D reactor with water boosts energy output by up to 65%.
- Potential for space propulsion with exhaust velocities exceeding deuterium-helium-3.

## Abstract

Specific energy (i.e. energy per unit mass) is one of the most fundamental and consequential properties of a fuel source. In this work, a systematic study of measured fusion cross-sections is performed to determine which reactions are potentially feasible and identify the fuel cycle that maximizes specific energy. This reveals that, by using normal hydrogen to breed deuterium via neutron capture, the conventional catalyzed D-D fusion fuel cycle can attain a specific energy greater than anything else. Simply surrounding a catalyzed D-D reactor with water enables deuterium fuel, the dominant stockpile of energy on Earth, to produce as much as 65% more energy. Lastly, the impact on space propulsion is considered, revealing that an effective exhaust velocity exceeding that of deuterium-helium-3 is theoretically possible.