# Normal-ordered $k$-body approximation in particle-number-breaking theories

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a particle-number-conserving normal-ordered k-body approximation for use in symmetry-breaking many-body nuclear theories, enabling more accurate and consistent ab initio calculations involving particle-number symmetry restoration.

## Contribution

It develops a novel PNOkB approximation that maintains particle-number symmetry in symmetry-breaking frameworks, improving the consistency of ab initio nuclear calculations.

## Key findings

- PNOkB approximation effectively conserves particle number.
- Numerical tests show improved symmetry handling in calculations.
- Enables safe use of symmetry-breaking and restored methods in nuclear theory.

## Abstract

The reach of ab initio many-body theories is rapidly extending over the nuclear chart. However, dealing fully with three-nucleon, possibly four-nucleon, interactions makes the solving of the A-body Schr\"odinger equation particularly cumbersome, if not impossible beyond a certain nuclear mass. Consequently, ab initio calculations of mid-mass nuclei are typically performed on the basis of the normal-ordered two-body (NO2B) approximation that captures dominant effects of three-nucleon forces while effectively working with two-nucleon operators. A powerful idea currently employed to extend ab initio calculations to open-shell nuclei consists of expanding the exact solution of the A-body Schr\"odinger equation while authorizing the approximate solution to break symmetries of the Hamiltonian. In this context, operators are normal ordered with respect to a symmetry-breaking reference state such that proceeding to a naive truncation may lead to symmetry-breaking approximate operators. The purpose of the present work is to design a normal-ordering approximation of operators that is consistent with the symmetries of the Hamiltonian while working in the context of symmetry broken (and potentially restored) methods. Focusing on many-body formalisms in which U(1) global-gauge symmetry associated with particle number conservation is broken (and potentially restored), a particle-number-conserving normal-ordered k-body (PNOkB) approximation of an arbitrary N-body operator is designed on the basis of Bogoliubov reference states. A numerical test based on particle-number projected Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations permits to check the particle-number conserving/violating character of a given approximation to a particle-number conserving operator. Using the presently proposed PNOkB approximation, ab initio calculations based on symmetry-breaking and restored formalisms can be safely performed.