# Minimal model of charge and pairing density waves in X-ray scattering experiments

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a method using resonant X-ray scattering to distinguish charge density waves from pairing density waves in high-temperature superconductors, supported by a minimal model and extended Hubbard model analysis.

## Contribution

It provides a novel approach to identify whether density modulations in superconductors are charge or pairing density waves using momentum and energy-resolved X-ray scattering.

## Key findings

- Spatial modulations in cuprates are predominantly pairing density waves.
- The method distinguishes CDWs from PDWs based on their signatures in X-ray scattering maps.
- The approach is validated with a self-consistent solution of an extended Hubbard model.

## Abstract

Competing density waves play an important role in the mystery of high-temperature superconductors. In spite of the large amount of experimental evidence, the fundamental question of whether these modulations represent charge or pairing density waves (CDWs or PDWs) is still debated. Here we present a method to answer this question using momentum and energy-resolved resonant X-ray scattering maps. Starting from a minimal model of density waves in superconductors, we identify distinctive signatures of incipient CDWs and PDWs. The generality of our approach is confirmed by a self-consistent solution of an extended Hubbard model with attractive interaction. By considering the available experimental data, we claim that the spatial modulations in cuprates have a predominant PDW character. Our work paves the way for using X-ray to identify competing and intertwined orders in superconducting materials.