The Habitability of GJ 357 d : Possible Climates and Observability
L. Kaltenegger, J. Madden, Z. Lin, S. Rugheimer, A. Segura, R. Luque,, E. Palle, N. Espinoza

TL;DR
This paper explores the potential habitability and observational prospects of GJ 357 d, a planet in the habitable zone of a nearby M star, modeling its climate and spectra under various conditions.
Contribution
It presents planetary models and spectral simulations for GJ 357 d, assessing its habitability potential and observational detectability, especially if it transits.
Findings
GJ 357 d could support temperate surface conditions with higher CO2 levels.
The planet may be the closest potentially habitable transiting planet if it transits.
GJ 357 d is a prime target for future telescopic observations regardless of transiting status.
Abstract
The GJ 357 system harbors 3 planets orbiting a bright, nearby M2.5V star at 9.44pc. The innermost planet GJ 357 b (TOI-562.01) is a hot transiting Earth-size planet with Earth-like density, which receives about 12 times the irradiation Earth receives from the Sun, and was detected using data from TESS. Radial velocities discovered two more planets in the system at 9.12 (GJ 357 c) and 55.6 days (GJ 357 d), with minimum masses of 3.59+/-0.50 and 6.1+/-1 Earth masses, and an irradiation of 4.4 and 0.38 Earths irradiation, respectively. GJ 357 d receives slightly less stellar irradiation than Mars does in our own Solar System, which puts it in the Habitable Zone for its host star. GJ 357 d could not have been detected with TESS and whether it transits remains an open question. Here we model under what conditions GJ 357 d could sustain surface habitability and present planetary models as…
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