# Random walk through a fertile site

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes the growth dynamics of random walkers multiplying at a fertile site on hyper-cubic lattices, revealing dimension-dependent growth rates, critical thresholds, and universal distribution properties, with implications for interacting particle systems.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed characterization of the growth behavior, moments, and distribution of walkers, introducing critical thresholds and universal properties across dimensions.

## Key findings

- Exponential growth in 1D and 2D for certain rates
- Finite walker number in high dimensions below critical rate
- Universal distribution in the critical regime

## Abstract

We study the dynamics of random walks hopping on homogeneous hyper-cubic lattices and multiplying at a fertile site. In one and two dimensions, the total number $\mathcal{N}(t)$ of walkers grows exponentially at a Malthusian rate depending on the dimensionality and the multiplication rate $\mu$ at the fertile site. When $d>d_c=2$, the number of walkers may remain finite forever for any $\mu$; it surely remains finite when $\mu\leq \mu_d$. We determine $\mu_d$ and show that $\langle\mathcal{N}(t)\rangle$ grows exponentially if $\mu>\mu_d$. The distribution of the total number of walkers remains broad when $d\leq 2$, and also when $d>2$ and $\mu>\mu_d$. We compute $\langle \mathcal{N}^m\rangle$ explicitly for small $m$, and show how to determine higher moments. In the critical regime, $\langle \mathcal{N}\rangle$ grows as $\sqrt{t}$ for $d=3$, $t/\ln t$ for $d=4$, and $t$ for $d>4$. Higher moments grow anomalously, $\langle \mathcal{N}^m\rangle\sim \langle \mathcal{N}\rangle^{2m-1}$, in the critical regime; the growth is normal, $\langle \mathcal{N}^m\rangle\sim \langle \mathcal{N}\rangle^{m}$, in the exponential phase. The distribution of the number of walkers in the critical regime is asymptotically stationary and universal, viz. it is independent of the spatial dimension. Interactions between walkers may drastically change the behavior. For random walks with exclusion, if $d>2$, there is again a critical multiplication rate, above which $\langle\mathcal{N}(t)\rangle$ grows linearly (not exponentially) in time; when $d\leq d_c=2$, the leading behavior is independent on $\mu$ and $\langle\mathcal{N}(t)\rangle$ exhibits a sub-linear growth.