Compact Method for Proton Range Verification Based on Coaxial Prompt Gamma-Ray Monitoring: a Theoretical Study

TL;DR

This paper proposes a compact, coaxial prompt gamma-ray monitoring method for real-time proton range verification in therapy, aiming for high precision, low cost, and minimal equipment footprint, supported by theoretical analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a novel, simplified gamma-ray detection approach using a single scintillation detector aligned with the beam, with a theoretical framework for future experimental validation.

Findings

The method can potentially achieve 1 mm precision in clinical cases.

It offers a cost-effective solution at around $25,000.

The approach reduces equipment size and complexity for in vivo proton range verification.

Abstract

Range uncertainties in proton therapy hamper treatment precision. Prompt gamma-rays were suggested 16 years ago for real-time range verification, and have already shown promising results in clinical studies with collimated cameras. Simultaneously, alternative imaging concepts without collimation are investigated to reduce the footprint and price of current prototypes. In this manuscript, a compact range verification method is presented. It monitors prompt gamma-rays with a single scintillation detector positioned coaxially to the beam and behind the patient. Thanks to the solid angle effect, proton range deviations can be derived from changes in the number of gamma-rays detected per proton, provided that the number of incident protons is well known. A theoretical background is formulated and the requirements for a future proof-of-principle experiment are identified. The potential benefits and disadvantages of the method are discussed, and the prospects and potential obstacles for its use during patient treatments are assessed. The final milestone is to monitor proton range differences in clinical cases with a statistical precision of 1 mm, a material cost of 25000 USD and a weight below 10 kg. This technique could facilitate the widespread application of in vivo range verification in proton therapy and eventually the improvement of treatment quality.