# Coherent-Nuclear Pion Photoproduction and Neutron Radii

## TL;DR

This paper investigates the coherent-nuclear photoproduction of pions as a precise method to determine neutron-proton density differences in nuclei, accounting for reaction mechanisms and proton size effects to improve neutron skin measurements.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the reaction mechanism and quantifies uncertainties in extracting neutron densities using pion photoproduction, enhancing the accuracy of neutron skin measurements.

## Key findings

- Final-state charge-exchange effects increase cross section by 5-6%.
- Neutron skin distance increases by about 50% after corrections.
- Systematic uncertainty in neutron skin extraction increases threefold due to model dependence.

## Abstract

{ {\bf Background:} Knowing the difference between the neutron and proton densities of nuclei is a significant topic because of its importance for understanding neutron star structures and cooling mechanisms. The coherent-nuclear photoproduction of pions, $({\g,\pi^0})$, combined with elastic electron scattering, has been suggested to be a very accurate probe of density differences. {\bf Purpose:} Study the ${(\g,\pi^0})$ reaction mechanism so as to better access the uncertainties involved in extracting the neutron density. {\bf Methods:} Include the effects of final-state pion-nucleus charge-exchange reactions on the cross section and study the influence of the non-zero spatial extent of the proton. {\bf Results:} The effects of final-state charge-exchange increase the cross section between 6\% and 5\%, generally decreasing as the momentum transfer increases. This leads to an increase of the extracted neutron skin distance by about 50\%. The validity of the previous treatments of the proton size is confirmed. {\bf Conclusion:} The model dependence of the theoretically computed cross section increases the total systematic uncertainty (experiment plus theory) in extracting the neutron skin from the ${(\g,\pi^0})$ cross section by at least a factor of three. }