# Self-consistent Modelling of Gamma-Ray Spectra from Solar Flares with the Monte Carlo Simulation Package FLUKA

## TL;DR

This paper employs the FLUKA Monte Carlo code to generate comprehensive gamma-ray spectra from solar flares, integrating various physical processes to improve modeling accuracy and fit observational data.

## Contribution

It introduces a self-consistent modeling approach using FLUKA for gamma-ray spectra from solar flares, covering a broad energy range and incorporating multiple spectral components.

## Key findings

- Good agreement with previous nuclear de-excitation models
- Successful fit of the 2010 June 12 flare spectrum using FLUKA templates
- First use of a single code for self-consistent broad-spectrum modeling

## Abstract

We use the Monte Carlo particle physics code FLUKA (Fluktuierende Kaskade) to calculate $\gamma$-ray spectra expected from solar flare energetic ion distributions. The FLUKA code includes robust physics-based models for electromagnetic, hadronic and nuclear interactions, sufficiently detailed for it to be a useful tool for calculating nuclear de-excitation, positron annihilation and neutron capture line fluxes and shapes, as well as $\approx \; {\rm GeV}$ continuum radiation from pion decay products. We show nuclear de-excitation $\gamma$-ray line model spectra from a range of assumed primary accelerated ion distributions and find them to be in good agreement with those found using the code of Murphy et al. (2009). We also show full $\gamma$-ray model spectra which exhibit all the typical structures of $\gamma$-ray spectra observed in solar flares. From these model spectra we build templates which are incorporated into the software package Objective Spectral Executive (OSPEX) and used to fit the combined Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM)/Large Area Telescope (LAT) spectrum of the 2010 June 12 solar flare, providing a statistically acceptable result. To the best of our knowledge, the fit carried out with the FLUKA templates for the full $\gamma$-ray spectrum can be regarded as the first attempt to use a single code to implement a self-consistent treatment of the several spectral components in the photon energy range from $\approx 100$s ${\rm keV}$ to $\approx 100$s ${\rm MeV}$.