# Hydrogen Emission in Type II White-light Solar Flares

## TL;DR

This study uses radiative hydrodynamic simulations to explore hydrogen emission in Type II white-light solar flares, revealing how electron beam parameters influence spectral signatures and emission features.

## Contribution

It provides new insights into the spectral signatures of Type II WLFs, especially the absence of Lyman excess emission linked to high low energy cutoff electron beams.

## Key findings

- Lyman emission decreases with higher low energy cutoff in electron beams.
- Balmer excess emission is mainly driven by direct beam heating.
- Absence of Lyman excess is a spectral signature of Type II WLFs.

## Abstract

Type II WLFs have weak Balmer line emission and no Balmer jump. We carried out a set of radiative hydrodynamic simulations to understand how the hydrogen radiative losses vary with the electron beam parameters and more specifically with the low energy cutoff. Our results have revealed that for low energy beams, the excess flare Lyman emission diminishes with increasing low energy cutoff as the energy deposited into the top chromosphere is low compared to the energy deposited into the deeper layers. Some Balmer excess emission is always present and is driven primarily by direct heating from the beam with a minor contribution from Lyman continuum backwarming. The absence of Lyman excess emission in electron beam models with high low energy cutoff is a prominent spectral signature of type II WLFs.