# Ultrafast molecular orbital tomography of a pentacene thin film using time-resolved momentum microscopy at a free-electron laser

## TL;DR

This study extends orbital tomography into the time domain using free-electron laser-based momentum microscopy to image ultrafast electronic dynamics in a pentacene thin film, revealing charge redistribution and excited-state behavior.

## Contribution

It demonstrates the application of time-resolved momentum microscopy at FELs for imaging excited molecular orbitals and explores the ultrafast electronic dynamics in a bilayer pentacene film.

## Key findings

- Charge redistribution between molecule and substrate upon excitation.
- Distinct excited-state dynamics observed in top and bottom pentacene layers.
- Method establishes conditions to minimize space charge effects at FELs.

## Abstract

We use time-resolved momentum microscopy at a free-electron laser (FEL) and extend orbital tomography into the time domain to image the electronic wave functions of excited molecular orbitals. This technique provides unprecedented insight into the ultrafast interplay between structural and electronic dynamics. In this work we prove general applicability and establish the experimental conditions at FEL sources to minimize space charge effects and radiation damage. We investigate a bilayer pentacene film on Ag(110) by optical laser pump and FEL probe experiments. From the momentum microscopy signal, we obtain time-dependent momentum maps of the excited-state dynamics of both pentacene layers separately. Combining experimental observations with a theoretical study, we interpret the observed signal for the bottom layer as resulting from the charge redistribution between the molecule and the substrate induced by excitation. We identify that the dynamics of the top pentacene layer resembles excited-state molecular dynamics.