# $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric non-Hermitian Dirac semimetals

## TL;DR

This paper explores the effects of non-Hermitian perturbations on $\,\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric Dirac semimetals, revealing new topological features like exceptional rings and spheres, and novel surface phenomena such as skin effects and Fermi ribbons.

## Contribution

It classifies non-Hermitian perturbations in $\,\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric Dirac semimetals and analyzes their impact on topology, exceptional points, and surface states in three dimensions.

## Key findings

- Non-Hermitian kinetic potentials create exceptional rings with periodic boundaries.
- Non-Hermitian anti-commuting potentials produce exceptional spheres and Fermi ribbon states.
- Open boundaries exhibit skin effects and surface states depending on the type of non-Hermitian perturbation.

## Abstract

Parity-time ($\mathcal{PT}$) symmetry plays an important role both in non-Hermitian and topological systems. In non-Hermitian systems $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry can lead to an entirely real energy spectrum, while in topological systems $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry gives rise to stable and protected Dirac points. Here, we study a $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric system which is both non-Hermitian and topological, namely a $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric Dirac semimetal with non-Hermitian perturbations in three dimensions. We find that, in general, there are only two types of symmetry allowed non-Hermitian perturbations, namely non-Hermitian kinetic potentials, and non-Hermitian anti-commuting potentials. For both of these non-Hermitian potentials we investigate the band topology for open and periodic boundary conditions, determine the exceptional points, and compute the surface states. We find that with periodic boundary conditions, the non-Hermitian kinetic potential leads to exceptional rings, while the non-Hermitian anti-commuting potential generates exceptional spheres, which separate regions with broken $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry from regions with unbroken $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry. With open boundary conditions, the non-Hermitian kinetic potential induces a non-Hermitian skin effect which is localized on both sides of the sample due to symmetry, while the non-Hermitian anticommuting potential leads to Fermi ribbon surface states.