# Next-generation telescopes with curved focal surface for ultra-low surface brightness surveys

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel ground-based telescope with a curved focal surface and optimized optical design to significantly enhance ultra-low surface brightness observations, enabling detection of much fainter objects than current telescopes.

## Contribution

It introduces a new telescope design with curved focal surface and off-axis optics that improves ultra-low surface brightness survey capabilities beyond existing instruments.

## Key findings

- Achieves surface brightness detection levels nearly 1000 times fainter than current telescopes.
- Uses a curved CCD detector to relax flat focal plane constraints and reduce PSF wings.
- Demonstrates through simulations that the design enhances ULSB observational efficiency.

## Abstract

In spite of major advances in both ground- and space-based instrumentation, the ultra-low-surface brightness universe (ULSB) still remains a largely unexplored volume in observational parameter space. ULSB observations provide unique constraints on a wide variety of objects, from the Zodiacal light all the way to the optical cosmological background radiation, through dust cirri, mass loss shells in giant stars, LSB galaxies and the intracluster light. These surface brightness levels (>28-29 mag arcsec^-2) are observed by maximising the efficiency of the surveys and minimising or removing the systematics arising in the measurement of surface brightness. Based on full-system photon Monte Carlo simulations, we present here the performance of a ground-based telescope aimed at carrying out ULSB observations, with a curved focal surface design. Its off-axis optical design maximises the field of view while minimising the focal ratio. No lenses are used, as their multiple internal scatterings increase the wings of the point spread function (PSF), and the usual requirement of a flat focal plane is relaxed through the use of curved CCD detectors. The telescope has only one unavoidable single refractive surface, the cryostat window, and yet it delivers a PSF with ultra-compact wings, which allows the detection, for a given exposure time, of surface brightness levels nearly three orders of magnitude fainter than any other current telescope.