# On the topology of nearly-integrable Hamiltonians at simple resonances

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that averaging near simple resonances in nearly-integrable Hamiltonians results in a one-dimensional cosine-like potential system, with the full Hamiltonian closely approximated by an effective pendulum-like Hamiltonian, advancing understanding of phase space structures.

## Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the effective Hamiltonian near simple resonances, showing it reduces to a pendulum-like system with exponentially small perturbations, supporting a key conjecture in Hamiltonian dynamics.

## Key findings

- Effective Hamiltonian at simple resonances resembles a pendulum.
- Perturbations are exponentially small relative to potential oscillation.
- Results support the Arnold–Kozlov–Neishtadt conjecture on measure of non-torus sets.

## Abstract

We show that, in general, averaging at simple resonances a real--analytic, nearly--integrable Hamiltonian, one obtains a one--dimensional system with a cosine--like potential; ``in general'' means for a generic class of holomorphic perturbations and apart from a finite number of simple resonances with small Fourier modes; ``cosine--like'' means that the potential depends only on the resonant angle, with respect to which it is a Morse function with one maximum and one minimum. \\ Furthermore, the (full) transformed Hamiltonian is the sum of an effective one--dimen\-sio\-nal Hamiltonian (which is, in turn, the sum of the unperturbed Hamiltonian plus the cosine--like potential) and a perturbation, which is exponentially small with respect to the oscillation of the potential. \\ As a corollary, under the above hypotheses, if the unperturbed Hamiltonian is also strictly convex, the effective Hamiltonian at {\sl any simple resonance} (apart a finite number of low--mode resonances) has the phase portrait of a pendulum. \\ The results presented in this paper are an essential step in the proof (in the ``mechanical'' case) of a conjecture by Arnold--Kozlov--Neishdadt (\cite[Remark~6.8, p. 285]{AKN}), claiming that the measure of the ``non--torus set'' in general nearly--integrable Hamiltonian systems has the same size of the perturbation; compare \cite{BClin}, \cite{BC}.