# Thermal evolution and quiescent emission of transiently accreting neutron stars

## TL;DR

This paper models the long-term thermal evolution of transiently accreting neutron stars, incorporating crust composition changes, deep crustal heating, and observational data, revealing nonmonotonic temperature behavior and implications for neutron star physics.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive simulation of neutron star thermal evolution considering crustal composition changes and compares results with updated observational data.

## Key findings

- Thermal evolution is nonmonotonic with a minimum in quiescence.
- Quasi-equilibrium temperature can be significantly lower at the minimum.
- Observations favor suppression of triplet nucleon superfluidity.

## Abstract

We study long-term thermal evolution of neutron stars in soft X-ray transients (SXTs), taking the deep crustal heating into account consistently with the changes of the composition of the crust. We collect observational estimates of average accretion rates and thermal luminosities of such neutron stars and compare the theory with observations. We perform simulations of thermal evolution of accreting neutron stars, considering the gradual replacement of the original nonaccreted crust by the reprocessed accreted matter, the neutrino and photon energy losses, and the deep crustal heating due to nuclear reactions in the accreted crust. We test and compare results for different modern theoretical models. We update a compilation of the observational estimates of the thermal luminosities in quiescence and average accretion rates in the SXTs and compare the observational estimates with the theoretical results. Long-term thermal evolution of transiently accreting neutron stars is nonmonotonic. The quasi-equilibrium temperature in quiescence reaches a minimum and then increases toward the final steady state. The quasi-equilibrium thermal luminosity of a neutron star in an SXT can be substantially lower at the minimum than in the final state. This enlarges the range of possibilities for theoretical interpretation of observations of such neutron stars. The updates of the theory and observations leave unchanged the previous conclusions that the direct Urca process operates in relatively cold neutron stars and that an accreted heat-blanketing envelope is likely present in relatively hot neutron stars in the SXTs in quiescence. The results of the comparison of theory with observations favor suppression of the triplet pairing type of nucleon superfluidity in the neutron-star matter.