# Heavy metals in intermediate He-rich hot subdwarfs: The chemical composition of HZ44 and HD127493

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the heavy metal abundances in intermediate helium-rich hot subdwarfs HZ44 and HD127493, revealing extreme overabundances likely caused by diffusion processes rather than nucleosynthesis, and provides detailed chemical compositions of these stars.

## Contribution

It presents the most comprehensive chemical abundance analysis of heavy and trans-iron elements in hot subdwarfs, especially HZ44, using non-LTE models and multi-wavelength spectra.

## Key findings

- Heavy elements are overabundant by one to four orders of magnitude compared to the Sun.
- Zr and Pb are among the most enriched elements in these stars.
- Heavy-element anomalies are likely caused by diffusion processes, not nucleosynthesis.

## Abstract

Hot subluminous stars can be spectroscopically classified as subdwarf B (sdB) and O (sdO) stars. While the latter are predominantly hydrogen deficient, the former are mostly helium deficient. The atmospheres of most sdOs are almost devoid of hydrogen, whereas a small group of hot subdwarf stars of mixed H/He composition exists, showing extreme metal abundance anomalies. Whether such intermediate helium-rich (iHe) subdwarf stars provide an evolutionary link between the dominant classes is an open question. The presence of strong Ge, Sn, and Pb lines in the UV spectrum of HZ$\,$44 suggests a strong enrichment of heavy elements in this iHe-sdO star and calls for a detailed quantitative spectral analysis focusing on trans-iron elements. Non-LTE model atmospheres calculated with TLUSTY are combined with high-quality optical, UV and FUV spectra of HZ$\,$44 and its hotter sibling HD$\,$127493 to determine their atmospheric parameters and metal abundance patterns. By collecting atomic data from literature we succeeded to determine abundances of 29 metals in HZ$\,$44, including the trans-iron elements Ga, Ge, As, Se, Zr, Sn, and Pb and provide upper limits for 10 other metals. This makes it the best described hot subdwarf in terms of chemical composition. For HD$\,$127493 the abundance of 15 metals, including Ga, Ge, and Pb and upper limits for another 16 metals were derived. Heavy elements turn out to be overabundant by one to four orders of magnitude with respect to the Sun. Zr and Pb are among the most enriched elements. The C, N, and O abundance for both stars can be explained by nucleosynthesis of hydrogen burning in the CNO cycle along with their helium enrichment. On the other hand, the heavy-element anomalies are unlikely to be caused by nucleosynthesis. Instead diffusion processes are evoked with radiative levitation overcoming gravitational settlement of the heavy elements.