# Acoustic wave generation in collapsing massive stars with convective shells

## TL;DR

This study models how convective perturbations in massive stars evolve during collapse, generating acoustic waves that influence supernova shock dynamics, with results aligning with numerical simulations.

## Contribution

It provides an analytical framework for understanding the evolution of convective perturbations during stellar collapse, focusing on their physical properties before shock encounter.

## Key findings

- Convective perturbations generate acoustic waves with amplitudes up to 10% of pressure.
- Velocity perturbations reach about 10% of the sound speed.
- Perturbation amplitudes decrease with higher angular mode number and larger initial radii.

## Abstract

The convection that takes place in the innermost shells of massive stars plays an important role in the formation of core-collapse supernova explosions. Upon encountering the supernova shock, additional turbulence is generated, amplifying the explosion. In this work, we study how the convective perturbations evolve during the stellar collapse. Our main aim is to establish their physical properties right before they reach the supernova shock. To this end, we solve the linearized hydrodynamics equations perturbed on a stationary background flow. The latter is approximated by the spherical transonic Bondi accretion, while the convective perturbations are modeled as a combination of entropy and vorticity waves. We follow their evolution from large radii, where convective shells are initially located, down to small radii, where they are expected to encounter the accretion shock above the proto-neutron star. Considering typical vorticity perturbations with a Mach number $\sim 0.1$ and entropy perturbations with magnitude $\sim 0.05 k_\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{baryon}$, we find that the advection of these perturbations down to the shock generates acoustic waves with a relative amplitude $\delta p/\gamma p \lesssim 10\%$, in agreement with published numerical simulations. The velocity perturbations consist of contributions from acoustic and vorticity waves with values reaching $\sim 10\%$ of the sound speed ahead of the shock. The perturbation amplitudes decrease with increasing $\ell$ and initial radii of the convective shells.