# Magnetic helicity and eruptivity in active region 12673

## TL;DR

This study investigates the evolution of magnetic helicity in active region 12673, demonstrating that the ratio of non-potential to total helicity can serve as an indicator of eruptivity, especially before major solar flares.

## Contribution

It provides the first observational analysis of the non-potential to total helicity ratio's evolution and its correlation with eruptive activity in AR 12673, using advanced extrapolation and uncertainty-weighted methods.

## Key findings

- The helicity ratio increases before major flares and decreases afterward.
- Uncertainty-weighted extrapolation improves helicity estimation reliability.
- The helicity ratio is a promising indicator of AR eruptivity.

## Abstract

Context. In September 2017 the largest X-class flare of Solar Cycle 24 occurred from the most active region (AR) of this cycle, AR 12673. The AR attracted much interest because of its unique morphological and evolution characteristics. Among the parameters examined in the AR was magnetic helicity, but either only approximately, and/or intermittently. Aims. This work is interested in studying the evolution of the relative magnetic helicity and of the two components of its decomposition, the non-potential, and the volume-threading one, in the time interval around the highest activity of AR 12673. Special emphasis is given on the study of the ratio of the non-potential to total helicity, that was recently proposed as an indicator of ARs eruptivity. Methods. For these, we first approximate the coronal magnetic field of the AR with two different optimization-based extrapolation procedures, and choose the one that produces the most reliable helicity value at each instant. Moreover, in one of these methods, we weight the optimization by the uncertainty estimates derived from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument, for the first time. We then follow an accurate method to compute all quantities of interest. Results. The first observational determination of the evolution of the non-potential to total helicity ratio seems to confirm the quality it has in indicating eruptivity. This ratio increases before the major flares of AR 12673, and afterwards it relaxes to smaller values. Additionally, the evolution patterns of the various helicity, and energy budgets of AR 12673 are discussed and compared with other works.