# Markov-switching State Space Models for Uncovering Musical Interpretation

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a Markov-switching state space model to analyze and compare musical tempo decisions in professional Chopin performances, providing insights into interpretative choices and their implications.

## Contribution

It develops a novel switching state space model for quantifying musical interpretation, integrating music theory and performance data for detailed analysis.

## Key findings

- Model successfully captures individual interpretative tempo variations
- Quantitative comparison of performances reveals distinct interpretative styles
- Potential applications in music education and performance analysis

## Abstract

For concertgoers, musical interpretation is the most important factor in determining whether or not we enjoy a classical performance. Every performance includes mistakes -- intonation issues, a lost note, an unpleasant sound -- but these are all easily forgotten (or unnoticed) when a performer engages her audience, imbuing a piece with novel emotional content beyond the vague instructions inscribed on the printed page. In this research, we use data from the CHARM Mazurka Project -- forty-six professional recordings of Chopin's Mazurka Op. 68 No. 3 by consummate artists -- with the goal of elucidating musically interpretable performance decisions. We focus specifically on each performer's use musical tempo by examining the inter-onset intervals of the note attacks in the recording. To explain these tempo decisions, we develop a switching state space model and estimate it by maximum likelihood combined with prior information gained from music theory and performance practice. We use the estimated parameters to quantitatively describe individual performance decisions and compare recordings. These comparisons suggest methods for informing music instruction, discovering listening preferences, and analyzing performances.