A DNS Study of entrainment in an axisymmetric turbulent jet as an episodic process

TL;DR

This DNS study of an axisymmetric turbulent jet reveals that entrainment occurs episodically through inrush events where ambient fluid penetrates the turbulent core via nibbling, with burstiness comparable to boundary layer flux bursts.

Contribution

The paper introduces a detailed DNS analysis showing entrainment as an episodic process involving well-defined inrush events and irrotational fluid lakes, expanding understanding of jet entrainment mechanisms.

Findings

Entrainment occurs episodically via inrush events.

Flow features irrotational lakes and wells at the T/NT interface.

Burstiness of entrainment is approximately 0.75.

Abstract

This investigation is based on a DNS of a steady self-preserving incompressible axisymmetric turbulent jet at a Reynolds number of 2400. The DNS data enable accurate maps of the outer irrotational flow field, and also the vorticity field in the turbulent core of the jet. It is found necessary to define two separate boundaries of the jet. The first is an inner boundary (turbulent/nonturbulent, T/NT), from where vorticity rises steeply towards to the core. The second is an outer rotational/irrotational boundary, beyond which the flow may be considered irrotational. The velocity field beyond the outer boundary often has ordered, nearly irrotational circulatory motions. These can be shown, in simpler cases, to be the velocity field induced by one or more vorticity elements in a coherent structure in the turbulent core. A detailed examination of axial and diametral sections indicates that there are periods when there is a large inrush of ambient fluid into parts of the T/NT interface, which gets distorted into a gulf or well that can be both twisted and deep. Sections of these wells often appear as what may be called as lakes of irrotational fluid in diametral sections of the jet flow. Part of the inrushing fluid crosses the T/NT interface within the well and is entrained into the turbulent core, by a process that can legitimately be called nibbling. The duration of such an inrush process can be of the order up to 20 flow units and suggests that entrainment can be an episodic process in which an inrush event accelerates ambient fluid even as it is pushed into a narrowing gulf, where it penetrates the T/NT interface of the gulf by nibbling. In the turbulent round jet, the entrainment burstiness is found to be of order 0.75, comparable to the momentum flux burstiness found in a turbulent boundary layer.