Expanding the Timeline for Earth's Photosynthetic Red Edge Biosignature

TL;DR

This paper explores how the Earth's photosynthetic red edge biosignature can be detected earlier in Earth's history by considering lichens, algae, and cyanobacteria, thus broadening the timeline for detecting life on exoplanets.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the red edge biosignature could have been present for over 2 billion years due to various life forms, extending its applicability in astrobiology.

Findings

Lichens could extend the red edge biosignature to 1.2 Gyr ago.

Ocean algae and cyanobacteria could extend it to over 2 Gyr ago.

The red edge is a broad biosignature applicable to diverse life forms.

Abstract

When Carl Sagan observed the Earth during a Gallileo fly-by in 1993, he found a widely distributed surface pigment with a sharp reflection edge in the red part of the spectrum, which, together with the abundance of gaseous oxygen and methane in extreme thermodynamic disequilibrium, were strongly suggestive of the presence of life on Earth. This widespread pigmentation that could not be explained by geological processes alone, is caused by the cellular structure of vegetation - a mechanism for potentially limiting damage to chlorophyll and/or limiting water loss. The distinctive increase in the red portion of Earth's global reflectance spectrum is called the vegetation red edge in astrobiology literature and is one of the proposed surface biosignatures to search for on exoplanets and exomoons. Earth's surface vegetation has only been widespread for about half a billion years, providing a surface biosignature for approximately 1/9th our planet's lifetime. However, as chlorophyll is present in many forms of life on Earth, like cyanobacteria, algae, lichen, corals, as well as leafy vegetation, such a spectral red edge feature could indicate a wide range of life, expanding its use for the search for surface biosignatures beyond vegetation alone to a time long before vegetation became widespread on Earth. We show how lichens could extend the presence of Earth's red edge surface biofeature to 1.2 Gyr ago, while ocean surface algae and cyanobacteria could extend it to over 2 Gyr ago, expanding the use of a photosynthetic red edge to earlier times in Earth's history.