# Prospects for the Use of Photosensor Timing Information with Machine Learning Techniques in Background Rejection

## TL;DR

This paper explores the use of waveform timing information from photosensors combined with machine learning to improve background rejection in high-speed astroparticle physics imaging, showing that additional waveform histograms enhance classification.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel method of using waveform timing histograms with ML for event classification in IACTs, outperforming previous charge-only approaches.

## Key findings

- Timing-based ML improves event classification accuracy.
- Histogram features outperform charge-only methods.
- Potential applicability to other experiments.

## Abstract

Recent developments in machine learning (ML) techniques present a promising new analysis method for high-speed imaging in astroparticle physics experiments, for example with imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs). In particular, the use of timing information with new machine learning techniques provides a novel method for event classification. Previous work in this field has utilised images of the integrated charge from IACT camera photomultipliers, but the majority of current and upcoming IACT cameras have the capacity to read out the entire photosensor waveform following a trigger. As the arrival times of Cherenkov photons from extensive air showers (EAS) at the camera plane are dependent upon the altitude of their emission, these waveforms contain information useful for IACT event classification. In this work, we investigate the potential for using these waveforms with ML techniques, and find that a highly effective means of utilising their information is to create a set of seven additional two dimensional histograms of waveform parameters to be fed into the machine learning algorithm along with the integrated charge image. This appears to be superior to using only these new ML techniques with the waveform integrated charge alone. We also examine these timing-based ML techniques in the context of other experiments.