# Charge dynamics of correlated electrons: Variational description with inclusion of composite fermions

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a variational Monte Carlo approach to calculate charge dynamical structure factors in correlated electron systems, emphasizing the importance of including composite fermions for improved accuracy and relevance to materials like copper oxides.

## Contribution

The study develops a variational Monte Carlo method incorporating composite fermions, significantly enhancing the accuracy of charge dynamics calculations in Hubbard models.

## Key findings

- Inclusion of composite fermions improves accuracy of charge structure factors.
- Method aligns with particle-hole excitations from spectral functions.
- Applicable to larger systems beyond exact diagonalization.

## Abstract

We propose a method to calculate the charge dynamical structure factors for the ground states of correlated electron systems based on the variational Monte Carlo method. Our benchmarks for the one- and two-dimensional Hubbard models show that inclusion of composite-fermion excitations in the basis set greatly improves the accuracy, in reference to the exact charge dynamical structure factors for clusters. Together with examination for larger systems beyond tractable sizes by the exact diagonalization, our results indicate that the variational Monte Carlo method is a promising way for studies on the nature of charge dynamics in correlated materials such as the copper oxide superconductors, if the composite-fermion excitations are properly included in the restricted Hilbert space of intermediate states in the linear response theory. Our results are consistent with the particle-hole excitations inferred from the single-particle spectral function $A(\mathbf{k}, \omega)$ in the literature. We also discuss the importance of incorporating nonlocal composite fermion for more accurate description. Future issues for further improvements are also discussed.