# Real-time calibration with spectator qubits

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a method using spectator qubits measured during quantum computations to dynamically estimate and correct parameters, enhancing the reliability of quantum operations over longer durations.

## Contribution

It proposes a novel calibration technique employing spectator qubits for real-time parameter estimation in quantum systems, improving control fidelity.

## Key findings

- Spectator qubits effectively monitor parameter drifts during quantum computations.
- The method maintains error levels below 10^{-4} in simulated scenarios.
- Control strategies reduce sensitivity, enabling longer reliable quantum operations.

## Abstract

Accurate control of quantum systems requires precise measurement of the parameters that govern the dynamics, including control fields and interactions with the environment. Parameters will drift in time and experiments interleave protocols that perform parameter estimation with protocols that measure the dynamics of interest. Here we specialize to a system made of qubits where the dynamics correspond to a quantum computation. We propose setting aside some qubits, which we call spectator qubits, to be measured periodically during the computation, to act as probes of the changing experimental and environmental parameters. By using control strategies that minimize the sensitivity of the qubits involved in the computation, we can acquire sufficient information from the spectator qubits to update our estimates of the parameters and improve our control. As a result, we can increase the length of experiment where the dynamics of the data qubits are highly reliable. In particular, we simulate how spectator qubits can keep the error level of operations on data qubits below a $10^{-4}$ threshold in two scenarios involving coherent errors: a classical magnetic field gradient dynamically decoupled with sequences of two or four $\pi$-pulses, and laser beam instability detected via crosstalk with neighboring atoms in an ion trap.