# Signatures of the Core-Powered Mass-Loss Mechanism in the Exoplanet Population: Dependence on Stellar Properties and Observational Predictions

## TL;DR

This study demonstrates that core-powered mass-loss explains the exoplanet radius valley and its dependence on stellar properties, providing specific predictions for how the valley shifts with stellar mass, age, and metallicity, distinct from photoevaporation.

## Contribution

It offers a detailed analysis of how core-powered mass-loss depends on stellar characteristics and makes observational predictions to distinguish it from photoevaporation models.

## Key findings

- Radius valley shifts to larger planets around more massive stars.
- Location of the radius valley is independent of stellar age and metallicity.
- Planet radii increase with stellar metallicity and decrease with age.

## Abstract

Recent studies have shown that atmospheric mass-loss powered by the cooling luminosity of a planet's core can explain the observed radius valley separating super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, even without photoevaporation. In this work, we investigate the dependence of this core-powered mass-loss mechanism on stellar mass ($M_\ast$), metallicity ($Z_\ast$) and age ($\tau_\ast$). Without making any changes to the underlying planet population, we find that the core-powered mass-loss model yields a shift in the radius valley to larger planet sizes around more massive stars with a slope given by $\text{d log}R_p/\text{d log}M_\ast \simeq 0.35$, in agreement with observations. To first order, this slope is driven by the dependence of core-powered mass-loss on the bolometric luminosity of the host star and is given by $\text{d log}R_p/\text{d log}M_\ast \simeq (3\alpha-2)/36 \simeq 0.33$, where $(L_\ast/L_\odot) = (M_\ast/M_\odot)^\alpha$ is the stellar mass-luminosity relation and $\alpha\simeq 4.6$ for the CKS dataset. We therefore find, in contrast to photoevaporation models, no evidence for a linear correlation between planet and stellar mass, but can't rule it out either. In addition, we show that the location of the radius valley is, to first order, independent of stellar age and metallicity. Since core-powered mass-loss proceeds over Gyr timescales, the abundance of super-Earths relative to sub-Neptunes increases with age but decreases with stellar metallicity. Finally, due the dependence of the envelope's cooling timescale on metallicity, we find that the radii of sub-Neptunes increase with metallicity and decrease with age with slopes given by $\text{d log}R_p/\text{d log}Z_\ast \simeq 0.1$ and $\text{d log}R_p/\text{d log}\tau_\ast \simeq -0.1$, respectively. We conclude with a series of observational tests that can differentiate between core-powered mass-loss and photoevaporation models.