# High-redshift test of gravity using enhanced growth of small structures probed by the neutral hydrogen distribution

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that 21 cm intensity mapping surveys like SKA can detect modifications to gravity at high redshift by observing changes in the neutral hydrogen power spectrum caused by f(R) gravity models.

## Contribution

The study uses simulations to show how f(R) gravity affects HI distribution and demonstrates the potential for SKA to test gravity theories through HI clustering measurements.

## Key findings

- HI power spectrum suppressed by 13% at z=2 in f(R) model
- SKA1-MID can detect this suppression with 1000 hours exposure
- Enhanced growth of small structures impacts HI distribution observable by future surveys

## Abstract

Future 21 cm intensity mapping surveys such as SKA can provide precise information on the spatial distribution of the neutral hydrogen (HI) in the post-reionization epoch. This information will allow to test the standard LCDM paradigm and with that the nature of gravity. In this work, we employ the SHYBONE simulations, which model galaxy formation in f(R) modified gravity using the IllustrisTNG model, to study the effects of modified gravity on HI abundance and power spectra. We find that the enhanced growth low-mass dark matter halos experience in f(R) gravity at high redshifts alters the HI power spectrum and can be observable through 21 cm intensity mapping. Our results suggest that the HI power spectrum is suppressed by 13\% on scales $k\lesssim2\,h\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ at z=2 for F6, a f(R) model which passes most observational constraints. We show that this suppression can be detectable by SKA1-MID with 1000 hours of exposure time, making HI clustering a novel test of gravity at high redshift.