# Sub-critical asymmetric Rayleigh breakup of a charged drop induced by finite amplitude perturbations in a quadrupole trap

## TL;DR

This study uses high-speed imaging and numerical analysis to demonstrate that charged drops in a quadrupole trap undergo asymmetric, subcritical Rayleigh breakup triggered by finite amplitude shape oscillations, leading to upward jet ejection.

## Contribution

First experimental demonstration of asymmetric, subcritical Rayleigh breakup of charged drops in a quadrupole trap supported by numerical calculations.

## Key findings

- Drop exhibits asymmetric, sub-critical Rayleigh fission.
- Shape oscillations trigger instability below Rayleigh limit.
- Breakup results in upward jet ejection from the drop.

## Abstract

The breakup pathway of Rayleigh fission of a charged drop is unequivocally demonstrated by first of its kind, continuous, high-speed imaging of a drop levitated in an AC quadrupole trap. The experimental observations consistently exhibited asymmetric, sub-critical Rayleigh breakup with an upward (i.e. opposite to the direction of gravity) ejection of a jet from the levitated drop. These experiments supported by numerical calculations show that the gravity induced downward shift of the equilibrium position of the drop in the trap cause significant, large amplitude shape oscillations superimposed over the center-of-mass oscillations. The shape oscillations result in sufficient deformations to act as triggers for the onset of instability well below the Rayleigh limit (a subcritical instability). At the same time, the center-of-mass oscillations which are out of phase with the applied voltage, lead to an asymmetric breakup such that the Rayleigh fission occurs upwards via the ejection of a jet at the pole of the deformed drop. As an important application, it follows from corollarial reasoning that the nanodrop generation in electrospray devices will occur, more as a rule rather than as an exception, via asymmetric, subcritical Rayleigh fission events of micro drops due to inherent directionality provided by the external electric fields.