# Sensing Volume Coverage of Robot Workspace using On-Robot Time-of-Flight Sensor Arrays for Safe Human Robot Interaction

## TL;DR

This paper analyzes how different configurations of on-robot ToF sensor arrays affect the sensing volume coverage of robot workspaces, aiming to enhance safe human-robot interaction through volumetric analysis and optimization.

## Contribution

It introduces a volumetric methodology using octrees to quantify sensor coverage and studies the effects of sensor array configurations on sensing volume for safety.

## Key findings

- Increased sensors per ring expand sensing coverage.
- More sensor rings improve detection of distant zones.
- Optimal sensor placement enhances safety in collaborative tasks.

## Abstract

In this paper, an analysis of the sensing volume coverage of robot workspace as well as the shared human-robot collaborative workspace for various configurations of on-robot Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensor array rings is presented. A methodology for volumetry using octrees to quantify the detection/sensing volume of the sensors is proposed. The change in sensing volume coverage by increasing the number of sensors per ToF sensor array ring and also increasing the number of rings mounted on robot link is also studied. Considerations of maximum ideal volume around the robot workspace that a given ToF sensor array ring placement and orientation setup should cover for safe human robot interaction are presented. The sensing volume coverage measurements in this maximum ideal volume are tabulated and observations on various ToF configurations and their coverage for close and far zones of the robot are determined.