# A comparison of the R_h=ct and LCDM cosmologies based on the observed halo mass function

## TL;DR

This paper compares the R_h=ct and LCDM cosmologies using observed halo mass functions, finding that R_h=ct aligns better with data under constant halo-to-stellar mass ratio assumptions, unlike LCDM.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that the R_h=ct universe model is consistent with high-redshift halo data assuming a constant M_h/M_*, challenging LCDM predictions.

## Key findings

- R_h=ct matches observed halo distributions with constant M_h/M_*
- LCDM shows tension with halo data under similar assumptions
- Earlier galaxy formation implied in R_h=ct if M_h/M_* is constant

## Abstract

The growth of structure probes the re-ionization history and quasar abundance in the Universe, constituting an important probe of the cosmological predictions. Halos are not directly observable, however, so their mass and evolution must be inferred indirectly. Studies based on the assumption of a constant halo to stellar mass ratio M_h/M_* (extrapolated from z<4) reveal significant tension with LCDM---a failure known as "The Impossibly Early Galaxy Problem". But whether this ratio evolves or remains constant through redshift 4<z<10 is still being debated. To eliminate the tension with LCDM, it would have to change by about 0.8 dex over this range, an issue that may be settled by upcoming observations with the James Webb Space Telescope. In this paper, we study this problem in the context of another Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model known as the R_h=ct universe, and use our previous measurement of sigma_8 from the cosmological growth rate, together with new solutions to the Einstein-Boltzmann equations, to interpret these recent halo measurements. We demonstrate that the predicted mass and redshift dependence of the halo distribution in R_h=ct is consistent with the data, even assuming a constant M_h/M_* throughout the observed redshift range (4<z<10), contrasting sharply with the tension in LCDM. We conclude that---if M_h/M_* turns out to be constant---the massive galaxies and their halos must have formed earlier than is possible in LCDM.