# Semantics of HTS AC loss modelling: Theories, models and experiments

## TL;DR

This paper clarifies the terminology and relationships between theories, models, and experiments in HTS AC loss modelling, emphasizing the importance of consistent practices for scientific progress and validation.

## Contribution

It provides a comprehensive discussion on the semantics and conceptual relationships in HTS AC loss modelling, proposing four conjectures to guide future understanding.

## Key findings

- Discussion on the recursive nature of theories and models
- Analysis of the compatibility of discrete and continuum physics formulations
- Interpretation of validation and measurement relationships in HTS AC loss modelling

## Abstract

Computer-assisted modelling is an essential approach to design new devices. It speeds up the process from the initial idea to an actual device and saves resources by reducing the number of built prototypes. This is also a significant practical motivator behind scientific research in contemporary high-temperature superconductor (HTS) AC loss modelling. However, in the scientific literature in this field, consistent practices about modelling terminology have not been established. Then, it is up to the reader to decide, what is the true intent and meaning of the authors. Consequently, the interpretation of such literature might be very much reader-dependent. Moreover, an inseparable part of the whole modelling process is the development of modelling approaches and numerical methods and comparing the predictions obtained via modelling to experimentally achieved results: It is commonplace to discuss the accuracy of modelling results or the validation of a model. In this paper, we discuss the terminology related to theories, models and experiments in the context of HTS AC loss modelling. We discuss the recursive nature of theories and models in this context, discuss the compatibility of discrete formulations of physics utilized in our field with the corresponding continuum descriptions, as well as with intuition, and interpret the perceived meaning of validation of a self-consistent model, shedding light on the relationships between theories, models and measurements. We present our view on understanding these relations in the familiar context of AC losses in HTS. As a result, we end this paper with four conjectures describing our views.