# Gaussian concentration bound and Ensemble equivalence in generic quantum many-body systems including long-range interaction

## TL;DR

This paper proves Gaussian concentration bounds for observables in quantum many-body systems, including long-range interactions, and establishes ensemble equivalence and weak eigenstate thermalization above a threshold temperature.

## Contribution

It introduces rigorous Gaussian concentration bounds for Gibbs states with long-range interactions and links these bounds to ensemble equivalence and thermalization.

## Key findings

- Gaussian concentration bounds hold for arbitrary observables above a threshold temperature.
- Quantitative bounds on the difference between canonical and micro-canonical ensemble averages.
- Proves ensemble equivalence and weak eigenstate thermalization in long-range systems.

## Abstract

This work explores fundamental statistical and thermodynamic properties of short-and long-range-interacting systems. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, we rigorously prove that the probability distribution of arbitrary few-body observables is restricted by a Gaussian concentration bound (or Chernoff--Hoeffding inequality) above some threshold temperature. This bound is then derived for arbitrary Gibbs states of systems that include long-range interactions Secondly, we establish a quantitative relationship between the concentration bound of the Gibbs state and the equivalence of canonical and micro-canonical ensembles. We then evaluate the difference in the averages of thermodynamic properties between the canonical and the micro-canonical ensembles. Under the assumption of the Gaussian concentration bound on the canonical ensemble, the difference between the ensemble descriptions is upper-bounded by $\left[n^{-1} \log (n^{3/2}\Delta^{-1})\right]^{1/2}$ with $n$ being the system size and $\Delta$ being the width of the energy shell of the micro-canonical ensemble This limit gives a non-trivial upper bound \textit{exponentially small energy width} with respect to the system size. By combining these two results, we prove the ensemble equivalence as well as the weak eigenstate thermalization in arbitrary long-range-interacting systems above a threshold temperature.