# Quantified uncertainty of flexible protein-protein docking algorithms

## TL;DR

This paper applies uncertainty quantification to protein-protein docking algorithms, revealing variability in results and providing probabilistic bounds to improve confidence in the computed quantities of interest.

## Contribution

It introduces a method for computing probabilistic certificates for docking results, enhancing the robustness and statistical reliability of the outcomes.

## Key findings

- Existing software shows significant variability in docking results.
- Probabilistic bounds can effectively quantify uncertainty in docking outcomes.
- The approach improves confidence in biological applications of protein docking.

## Abstract

The strength or weakness of an algorithm is ultimately governed by the confidence of its result. When the domain of the problem is large (e.g. traversal of a high-dimensional space), a perfect solution cannot be obtained, so approximations must be made. These approximations often lead to a reported quantity of interest (QOI) which varies between runs, decreasing the confidence of any single run. When the algorithm further computes this final QOI based on uncertain or noisy data, the variability (or lack of confidence) of the final QOI increases. Unbounded, these two sources of uncertainty (algorithmic approximations and uncertainty in input data) can result in a reported statistic that has low correlation with ground truth. In biological applications, this is especially applicable, as the search space is generally approximated at least to some degree (e.g. a high percentage of protein structures are invalid or energetically unfavorable) and the explicit conversion from continuous to discrete space for protein representation implies some uncertainty in the input data. This research applies uncertainty quantification techniques to the difficult protein-protein docking problem, first showing the variability that exists in existing software, and then providing a method for computing probabilistic certificates in the form of Chernoff-like bounds. Finally, this paper leverages these probabilistic certificates to accurately bound the uncertainty in docking from two docking algorithms, providing a QOI that is both robust and statistically meaningful.