# Influence of Longer Range Transfer of Vapor Interface Modified Caging Constraints on the Spatially Heterogeneous Dynamics of Glass-Forming Liquids

## TL;DR

This paper develops a force-based theoretical model to describe how vapor interface modifications influence the spatially heterogeneous dynamics and glass transition behavior in thick glass-forming liquid films, aligning well with recent simulations.

## Contribution

It introduces a non-perturbative, elasticity-inclusive theory predicting long-range dynamical gradients and glass transition temperature variations in vapor-adsorbed glass-forming films.

## Key findings

- Predicts exponential decay of activation barriers into the film
- Shows large interfacial layer thickness at the glass transition
- Describes power-law decoupling of relaxation times with distance

## Abstract

Based on the Elastically Collective Nonlinear Langevin Equation theory of bulk relaxation in glass-forming liquids, and our recent ideas of how interface-nucleated modification of caging constraints are spatially transferred into the interior of a thick film, we present a force-based theory for dynamical gradients in thick films with one vapor interface that includes collective elasticity effects. Quantitative applications to the foundational hard sphere fluid and polymer melts of diverse fragilities are presented. We predict a roughly exponential spatial variation of total activation barrier which is non-perturbatively modified to ~10 particle diameters into film. This leads to prediction of a reduced alpha relaxation time gradient of a double exponential form characterized by a nearly constant spatial decay length, in qualitative accord with simulations. These spatially heterogeneous changes of the temperature variation of the alpha time result in a large and long-range gradient of the local glass transition temperature. An average interfacial layer thickness relevant to ensemble-averaged dielectric and other experiments is also computed. It is predicted to be rather large at the bulk glass transition temperature, decreasing roughly linearly with heating. Spatially inhomogeneous power law decoupling of the alpha relaxation time from its bulk value is predicted, with an effective exponent that decays to zero with distance from the free surface in a nearly exponential manner, trends which are in qualitative accord with recent simulations. This behavior and the double exponential alpha time gradient are related and can be viewed as consequences of an effective quasi-universal factorization of the total barrier in films into the product of its bulk temperature dependent value times a function solely of location in the film.